Operant Conditioning describes the effects of the consequences of how a particular behavior will be altered later in the future. This splits into a branch of 4 different types of Operand Conditioning: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, and Negative Punishment.
(+,-)Reinforcement strengthen a behavior and Punishment weakens it, or so it's supposed to.
Positive Reinforcement- Through a positive condition, a particular behavior is strengthened.
A hungry rat presses a bar in its cage and receives food. The food is a positive condition for the hungry rat. The rat presses the
bar again, and again receives food. The rat's behavior of pressing the bar is strengthened by the consequence of receiving food.
Negative Reinforcement- A particular behavior is strengthened by the consequence of having it stopped or avoided in a negative condition.
A rat is placed in a cage and immediately receives a mild electrical shock on its feet. The shock is a negative condition for the rat.
The rat presses a bar and the shock stops. The rat receives another shock, presses the bar again, and again the shock stops.
The rat's behavior of pressing the bar is strengthened by the consequence of stopping the shock.
Positive Punishment- When a particular behavior is stopped after the consequence of something unpleasant is presented.
An example of positive punishment is when the negative behavior of an employee decreases as the result of being criticized by a supervisior.
Negative Punishment- A particular behavior decreases as the result of the removal as something pleasant after the behavior.
An example of negative punishment is when the frequency in which an employee is late for work deceases as a result of losing the right to listen to music while he or she works.
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